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Battle rap (also known as battle rapping or battle rhyming〔Edwards, Paul, 2009, p. 25.〕) is a type of rapping that includes (bragging and boasting) content.〔 Battling can occur on recorded albums, though battle raps are often recited or freestyled spontaneously in live battles, "where MCs will perform on the same stage to see who has the better verses".〔Edwards, Paul, 2009, p. 27.〕 Battle rapping is described by 40 Cal in the book ''How to Rap'' as "extracurricular" and he compares it to the dunk contest in the NBA.〔 Battle raps are often written solely for the purpose of impressing people with technically inventive rapping,〔Edwards, Paul, 2009, p. 28.〕 and knowing a wide variety of rapping styles and a wide range of MCs is recommended.〔Edwards, Paul, 2009, p. 28-29.〕 Some MCs started out writing mostly battle raps and battling other MCs before they began making records.〔Edwards, Paul, 2009, p. 29.〕 ==History== Historically, rap battles draw their roots to the Dozens. The Dozens is a game of spoken words between two contestants, common in Black communities of the United States, where participants insult each other until one gives up. It is customary for the Dozens to be played in front of an audience of bystanders, who encourage the participants to reply with more egregious insults to heighten the tension and consequently, to be more interesting to watch. Among African-Americans it is also known as "roasting", "capping", "clowning", "flaming", "ranking", "ragging", "sounding", "joning", "woofing", "wolfing", "sigging", or "signifying", while the insults themselves are known as "snaps".〔The Dozens〕 Comments in the game focus on the opposite player's intelligence, appearance, competency, social status, financial situation, and disparaging remarks about the other player's family members—mothers in particular ("yo′ mama...")—are common. Commentary is often related to sexual issues, where the game is then referred to as the "Dirty Dozens". According to sociologist Harry Lefever and journalist John Leland, the game is almost exclusive to African Americans. Both males and females participate, but the game is more commonly played among males of varying social status.〔The Dozens〕 The modern rap battle is generally believed to have originated in the East Coast hip hop scene in the late 1970s. One of the earliest and most infamous battles occurred in December 1982 when Kool Moe Dee challenged Busy Bee Starski - Busy Bee Starski's defeat by the more complex raps of Kool Moe Dee meant that "no longer was an MC just a crowd-pleasing comedian with a slick tongue; he was a commentator and a storyteller" thusly, rendering Busy's archaic format of rap obsolete, in favor of a newer style〔 which KRS-One also credits as creating a shift in rapping in the documentary ''Beef''.〔''Beef'' documentary, 2003, Peter Spirer, Aslan Productions.〕 In the 1980s, battle raps were a popular form of rapping - Big Daddy Kane in the book ''How to Rap'' says, "as an MC from the '80s, really your mentality is battle format... your focus was to have a hot rhyme in case you gotta battle someone... not really making a rhyme for a song".〔 Battle rapping is still sometimes closely associated with old school hip-hop - talking about battle rapping, Esoteric says, "a lot of my stuff stems from old school hip-hop, braggadocio ethic".〔Edwards, Paul, 2009, p. 26.〕 Some of the most prominent battle raps that took place on record are listed in the book, ''ego trip's Book of Rap Lists'', and include such battles as the Roxanne Wars (1984–1985), Juice Crew vs. Boogie Down Productions (1986–1988), Kool Moe Dee vs. LL Cool J (1987–1991), MC Serch vs. MC Hammer (1989–1994), Dr. Dre & Snoop Dogg vs. Luke (1992–1993), Common vs. Ice Cube (1994–1996), MC Pervis & Brand New Habits and LL Cool J vs. Canibus (1997–1998) - all of which include memorable battle rap verses.〔ego trip, 1999, ''ego trip's Book of Rap Lists'', St. Martin's Press, p. 236-237.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle rap」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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